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Nefertiti Lost Dynasty
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[ 02000 ]
Nefertiti Lost Dynasty "documentary". This transcript is intended to follow as you watch this program. .Record it, Borrow it from your local library .Buy it.
You can only do justice by using the video with the transcript.
[ 02001 ]
Suggestion print the transcript out and get the DVD version. They are easier to find places and to pause with out jerking.
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[ 02002 ]
Nefertiti Lost Dynasty NGC (Not edited)
[ 02003 ]
Narrator: It's one of ancient Egypt's greatest mysteries. A search that's been going on for years. What happened to Nefertiti, the perfect one.
[ 02004 ]
Her husband, Akhenaton, the radical king and their entire family? Now a brand new scientific investigation is revealing answers. An international team has brought CT scan technology to the valley of the kings, for the first time in history, on the trail of this mysterious family.
[ 02005 ]
Their goal to find out if one of these mummies is Nefertiti? If this skeleton is Akhenaton? And if they have actually uncovered the closest relatives of the legendary pharaoh Tutankhamen. Could it be that Tut himself played a role in bringing them all together? The team is setting out to crack a riddle that's over 3000 years old, the mystery of Nefertiti and the lost dynasty.
[ 02006 ]
Narrator: Cairo, Egypt, a city of secrets and unsolved mysteries. Inside the Cairo museum Dr. Zahi Hawass, Egypt's top archaeologist, is on the trail of a missing family, the strange lost dynasty of Amarna. It's a remarkable story that Egyptologists have been trying to unravel for centuries. Hawass: Amarna to me is like a play with no end. Mystery, fighting, drama, jealousy, killing, revenge, all of this happened in one play.
[ 02007 ]
Narrator: The characters are some of the key figures in Egyptian history, a family that was born to rule. Front and center, a ravishing queen, the legendary beauty, Nefertiti, Egypt's most famous royal spouse. Her husband, the pharaoh Akhenaton, along side them, a royal consort, a powerful mother in law. And a tangled love story that would result in the birth of the legendary king Tut.
[ 02008 ]
It all starts here, Amarna 3300 years ago. A revolutionary era that shakes the foundations of Egypt. It lasts less than two decades, but those two decades will reinvent Egyptian politics and religion.
[ 02009 ]
Nefertiti and Akhenaton strip the old priests of their power, demolish the idols of the old deities like Amun and establish the very first known religion with just one god, the sun god, the Aton. It's a brand new way of worshipping with the pharaoh himself a priest communing with his god.
[ 02010 ]
The couple even move Egypt's capital from Thebes out into the desert, at Amarna. In just a few years, they've thrown away a millennium of Egyptian tradition.
[ 02011 ]
And the old guard must have hated them for it. Amarna lasts for one shining moment and then it collapses. Their vision and their capital fall into ruins. Nefertiti disappears and soon her family fades from history. What happened to them? Where did they end up? The answers may lie here. The valley of the kings.
[ 02012 ]
A team of forensic experts are on the trail of Nefertiti and that lost Amarna dynasty led by Dr. Zahi Hawass, secretary general of Egypt's supreme council of antiquities, and explorer in residence for national geographic.
[ 02013 ]
They've come to a dark and mysterious tomb known as KV 35. Inside a small side chamber, two mummies. They have been here for centuries, without coffins, without wrappings.
[ 02014 ]
Some believe they were moved from their original resting place, hidden away by priests to protect them from tomb raiders. Both of these mummies have, at times, been identified as queen Nefertiti. Some have claimed that she is the body on the right, the so-called "elder lady." But recently, in press reports around the world, she has been identified as the mummy on the left, known as the "younger lady".
[ 02015 ]
Tonight the team has come for answers. Their goal to get the scientific evidence that will establish whether either of these mummies could be Nefertiti. It's a groundbreaking investigation using the latest technology. A CT scan machine brought in by National Geographic specifically for this purpose.
[ 02016 ]
Twenty first century diagnostics for a mystery 3,000 years old. As part of the first set of CT scans ever performed on the royal mummies of Egypt, this non-invasive technology allows scientists to look inside a body in unprecedented three dimensional detail, without doing any harm.
[ 02017 ]
Dr Hawass has called in two expert radiologists, Dr. Ashraf Selim and Dr. Hany Amer, to help in the investigation. Dr. Hawass: It is a mysterious mummy. But today maybe we'll be able to find out exactly that this mummy is for queen Nefertiti and maybe it's not.
[ 02018 ]
Narrator: The id of this so-called younger lady as Nefertiti has been a source of controversy in recent years. Some scholars make the claim based on several clues. The most important, a broken arm found in nearby wrappings. The hand once clenched a scepter; the symbol of ultimate power in ancient Egypt, the sign of a pharaoh or a queen. Other clues in the identification: An indentation from a headband, and double pierced ears all seem to match the last known images of the queen. But many scientists have argued the case is purely circumstantial.
[ 02019 ]
Alan Dodson
: My reaction when the news broke that Nefertiti had been discovered, was complete rubbish. There is as far as I can see absolutely no possibility what so ever that this mummy can be Nefertiti.[ 02020 ]
Marc Gabolde
: There are a lot of princesses by this time. Probably a hundred. So it can be any of these princesses.[ 02021 ]
Narrator: Nefertiti wasn't just any princess. To track her down, you have to understand who she was. One of the great icons of the world. Born into nobility, growing into a beauty, she was chosen by the pharaoh Akhenaton to be his bride.
[ 02022 ]
Their love became the stuff of legend. Literally carved into the stones of Egypt. They had six daughters together.
[ 02023 ]
According to some scholars, Akhenaton may have raised his love to a position of real power, not just wife and queen, but eventually, co-regent. But whether or not they ruled together, both shared the same fate, disappearing into the sands of Amarna.
[ 02024 ]
Now, on the trail of the missing Nefertiti, Dr. Hawass and team are set to analyze the results of the CT scan. Dr Hawass: The CT scan machine is not like the x-ray. It reveals everything about age diseases and that is why we can see 1,700 images of each mummy.
[ 02025 ]
Narrator: Egyptologist have long debated even the most basic facts about the younger lady's mummy. But now the team has a chance to get new information from the CT scan. Dr Selim: There are many questions that we have to answer.
[ 02026 ]
Narrator: As the first images scroll up, the scientists examine them against a basic checklist of what is needed for a positive id as Nefertiti. Sex, female. Age, early to late 30s. Dynasty, 18th. Long neck, high cheekbones. Mother of 6 daughters. Even the gender isn't immediately obvious on this corpse. Dr. Hanny: There's no genitalia.
[ 02027 ]
`genitalia - The reproductive organs, especially the external sex organs; the genitals.
[ 02028 ]
Narrator: But they soon confirm it's a woman. It's definitely not a boy, most probably a female.
[ 02029 ]
Narrator: Hip measurements reveal this mummy is a female that could have born children. Wisdom teeth, growth plates and bone deterioration all indicate the mummy could be the right age for Nefertiti. I would say this is the wisdom teeth here on the right side.
[ 02030 ]
Dr Hany: And the age is above 22 years of age. The upper age I cannot be sure at this moment, but I can assume that we are talking about 22 to 40-45 at most.
[ 02031 ]
Narrator: As the team begins to work on that identification, they focus in on a key clue. A broken limb more of a forearm than a complete arm found in wrappings near the mummy. It appears to be the arm of a queen. And it became the starting point for the theory that this mummy was Nefertiti. But within hours, Dr. Hany has a surprising find. The royal arm, doesn't seem to match this body. But a second arm, also found near the mummy seems like a better fit. The search for Nefertiti is about to take a surprising turn.
[ 02032 ]
An unidentified mummy in a mysterious tomb, a double piercing, a royal bent arm. Together, they form the basis for a controversial theory. That this mummy is the missing beauty, queen Nefertiti.
[ 02033 ]
But as the scientific team begins to analyze the CT scans, they have questions about that identification, questions about this arm. In many ways it looks right. It certainly appears royal. The clenched fist that may of held a royal scepter and the bent forearm both indicate that.
[ 02034 ]
In Nefertiti's day when one or both arms are crossed over the chest, it is typically the sign of royalty. Straight arms could belong to any princess. The royal bent arm is what turns a princess into a queen.
[ 02035 ]
Together with the quality of the linen, it is a way embalmers declare that they are mummifying someone truly important. But the dimensions of this royal arm may not exactly fit with this mummy. Dr Ashraf: We cannot assume that this missing or third forearm belongs to this mummy. No.
[ 02036 ]
Narrator: The straight arm found in the wrappings with the body seems like it might be a much better fit. Has the Nefertiti identification been based on the wrong arm? Now the team checks which arm actually belongs to the body using today's best digital imaging to crack a case from 1300 BC.
[ 02037 ]
While previous teams believed this straight arm was too long, when Dr.. Hany and Ashraf measure it, they find that once the fracture is factored in, it is almost exactly the same length of the attached left arm. A perfect match. As for the so called "royal forearm", it's simply the wrong length proportionally. It just doesn't fit. Dr Ashraf: I can assure you that this is not hers.
[ 02038 ]
Dr Hawass: Perfect. It means from looking at the hands that this is not the royal mummy of our queen. Then it is not Nefertiti.
[ 02039 ]
Narrator: The CT scan results provide strong evidence that the royal forearm did not come from this mummy. Dr Hawass: And this is a very important evidence. That can disregard and tell us that this mummy cannot be queen Nefertiti at all. We'll have to search for other mummies.
[ 02040 ]
Narrator: With proof that the younger lady is not Nefertiti the investigation returns to the valley of the kings. Not far from tomb 35, less than 500 feet away is another chamber from the Amarna period, Peter Lacavora is a member of the Amarna royal tombs project. His goal is to find all the missing Amarna burials in the valley. That quest has taken him here to a tomb known as kv55. Peter: Tomb 55 over here is one of the most intriguing and controversial tombs that was ever found in the valley.
[ 02041 ]
It was a very roughly hewed unfinished tomb. This is the entrance shaft. It's really well cut and dressed. It was a very long sloping corridor where in a more elaborate royal tomb would have lead to a series of chambers cut into the earth. But it clearly wasn't finished.
[ 02042 ]
Narrator: In 1907, archeologists discovered a glittering sarcophagus with an Amarna royal mummy inside. But strangely, the face and name plate on the coffin had been hacked out.
[ 02043 ]
The tombs of many Amarna rulers were vandalized after their deaths. Could this be Nefertiti? Some scholars said it was her husband Akhenaton. The heretic king who revolutionized Egypt.
[ 02044 ]
The clues were confusing. All around were inscriptions bearing many different royal names, a veritable "who's who list" from Amarna. All from the same extended family. The names included Akhenaton, queen Tiye, his mother, and Kiya, his second wife. And all those names are linked to the pharaoh king Tut. The legendary boy king was most likely Akhenaton's own son. He inherited the chaos of Amarna. He succeeded Akhenaton and Nefertiti.
[ 02045 ]
Could there be a connection between Tut and the royal sarcophagus in this mysterious tomb? The skeleton was clearly a royal mummy from the Amarna period. Its identity, a mystery. But if solved, this identification could be pivotal to understanding the entire tumultuous period of the Amarna dynasty.
[ 02046 ]
The investigators will have to follow the trail of the mummy to Cairo. Here, at the Cairo museum lies the mystery skeleton from KV 55. Archeologists brought it here nearly a century ago and now Dr. Zahi Hawass has prepared it for examination.
[ 02047 ]
Researchers have confirmed that this mummy is from the time of Nefertiti. Dr Hawass wants to find out if this mummy could hold the key to the family group from the Amarna dynasty. Dr Hawass: We're going to move the mummy that was found in kv55 in the valley of the kings to put on the CT scan machine.
[ 02048 ]
Narrator: Any mummy from the Amarna period is rare and valuable. But Dr. Hawass has a theory that this skeleton may prove to be especially important. Dr Hawass: The study of the CT scan machine will enable us to understand this mummy more. Because x rays that were done before were really little, but this is the first time that this mummy is going to be taken out of the museum, and put under the CT scan machine out side of the museum for us to understand more about the people who are related to Nefertiti.
[ 02049 ]
Narrator: On the trail of a mysterious Amarna family, Zahi Hawass is closing in on answers. Egyptologist have debated the identity KV 55 mummy since 1907. But now Dr. Hawass finally has the technology he needs to help determine which Amarna royal this is.
[ 02050 ]
Could this scan also help unlock the names of the other unidentified mummies. As the body enters the scanner, the beams of radiation generate cross-sectional slices, images less than a millimeter thick over 1500 for the entire body. Put together, they create a three-dimensional mummy accurate down to a nearly microscopic level. As the initial images emerge, even the first pass gets results. Finding number one, this skeleton is male. The dimensions of the jaw, the brow, and the pelvic bones all confirm it.
[ 02051 ]
Obviously then, this mummy is not Nefertiti. But it will take time to decipher who it might be. A week later, Dr. Hawass returns to find out what the radiologists have uncovered. Dr Hawass: We're going to see the results right now. What you're telling me right now is number one you are telling me that the mummy could be 25 years old, could be more, not less, perfect.
[ 02052 ]
Narrator: Age 25 to 40. An important clue that narrows the possibilities. And the next piece of evidence is even more revealing. The strange egg shaped skull. Experts call it dolichocephalic. And it is strikingly similar to one famous pharaoh king Tutankhamen. Dr Hawass: KV 55 it is similar to Tut with the elongated head.
[ 02053 ]
`dolichocephalic - defines a shape.. egg shape
[ 02054 ]
Narrator: The resemblance between the two skulls isn't just close, it's uncanny. There is only a fraction of a centimeter's difference.
[ 02055 ]
Ashraf: The one on the right side here is the mummy of king Tut and this other mummy is the one from KV 55. Both have the elongated shape of the skull, what we call the dolichocephalic.
[ 02056 ]
Narrator: Its displayed in all the art work from that time. This elongated head seems to set the Amarna royals apart from the patriarch Akhenaton down through all his children. But that's only the first similarity between the KV 55 mummy and Tut. The jaw and the cheekbones are almost identical. Dr Ashraf: The shape of the mandible yes again it's mimicking.
[ 02057 ]
Narrator: Both have a slight scoliosis of the spine. And also impacted wisdom teeth. Ashraf: On the right side, the upper jaw, the wisdom tooth is un-erupted and impacted. Hany: Like that of king Tut.
[ 02058 ]
`scoliosis - abnormal curvature of the spine
[ 02059 ]
Narrator: But the most intriguing similarity is that both this mystery mummy and king Tut have cleft palates. And they appear to match. Ashraf: The normal development, left and right they fuse together sometimes this fusion does not happen totally. With king Tut it was a very tiny cleft and with KV 55 it's a very tiny cleft.
[ 02060 ]
`cleft - divided / split, deformed
[ 02061 ]
Narrator: A cleft palate, a dolichocephalic skull. These are traits that can get passed down from father to son. From a father like Akhenaton to a son like Tut. Has the team identified the missing pharaoh Akhenaton?
[ 02062 ]
A new analysis of the KV 55 sarcophagus offers surprising support. Although the plate cartouche bearing the name of the mummy inside was hacked out. Traces of that name were in fact left behind.
[ 02063 ]
Gold leaf fragments from inside the sarcophagus, and hieroglyphs surrounding the cartouche all link to one name Akhenaton. Dr Zahi Hawass and his team now have the makings of a case that they have found Akhenaton. Dr Hawass: This is a very good conclusion means we can say now that the mummy in kv55, based on this evidence, and based on the age 25 and based on the inscriptions that are written in the coffin, that this could be the mummy of Akhenaton.
[ 02064 ]
Narrator: While it is impossible for experts to be 100 percent definitive, this much they can say the odds are strong that this mummy is Akhenaton. Nefertiti's long-lost husband, Tutanhkamnun's father, Akhenaton. Found in tomb KV 55 less than 100 feet away from king Tut's own tomb. How did he get there? Did Tut himself bring his father nearby, to rest alongside him for eternity? If so do the mysterious elder and younger ladies from tomb 35 hold more answers? The investigation is about to enter a brand new stage.
[ 02065 ]
A surprising find. A ground-breaking theory. Now the focus turns back to the mystery mummies of tomb 35. Back at the lab, the forensic team is still at work, investigating the younger lady's skull. They know she's not Nefertiti. But they don't know who she is. Some have speculated that she's an Amarna princess. Her mummification is certainly royal. But there's one clue that's too large, too shocking to overlook, it's a gash in the cheek, what the radiologists see on the CT images is this deep inside the sinus cavity there are bone fragments and pieces of broken teeth. Dr. Hany: This is one, one of them and this is another one.
[ 02066 ]
Narrator: The cavity is covered with embalming material, which sealed the wound. Dr. Hany: This is the teeth and this is the filling material they put inside the mummy.
[ 02067 ]
Narrator: In other words, the bones and teeth were shattered first, and then the embalming happened. Dr Ashraf: So this leaves us with the theory that this injury was induced before death. Ok? Now this is a serious matter we have to have some definite conclusions about that. Suppose that she was killed or murdered.
[ 02068 ]
Narrator: Such a gash would have come from a heavy object, resulting in bone fragments inside the skull. Egyptian embalmers would then face the tricky job preparing the body for the afterlife. They would clean the wound and cover the defect with resin and stuffing. Dr Ashraf: From the pictures I have here that the missing boney fragments are deeper to the soaking of the wound meaning that they were there and then the packing occurred after as to seal off this wound.
[ 02069 ]
Narrator: The team also finds a large laceration on the left rib. And they have to wonder about murder. Dr: Ashraf: This wound looks like it was inflicted before death because we have actually loss of tissue in this area and the embalming materials covers the surface.
[ 02070 ]
Narrator: But as the researchers inspect the jaw, they also see evidence of hematoma, a thickening of the blood caused when blood vessels break. It could only occur if the person is still alive.
[ 02071 ]
`hematoma A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
[ 02072 ]
This is a strong indication that they have discovered a death blow. Either a murder or a tragic accident. A possible murder victim who could this mummy be? The skull of the younger lady is not elongated like Akhenaton's, but it does have several striking characteristics. It's asymmetrical at the back, underdeveloped on the left side, it also has an unusual bone in the back of the head a small extra fragment between the two rear skull plates. Only one Amarna royal is known to have similar anomalies, king Tut.
[ 02073 ]
`asymmetrical - having no balance.. no pattern- irregular
[ 02074 ]
The team considers the possibility that the younger lady is Tut's mother? Who was she and what happened to her? Nefertiti was not Akhenaton's only wife. Like most pharaohs, Akhenaton also took an important secondary wife. Her name was Kiya. Probably an outsider. Perhaps a foreign princess. She was bestowed with the name "greatly beloved wife".
[ 02075 ]
Nefertiti and Akhenaton had 6 daughters, but no male heir. When Kiya arrived, and perhaps bore Akhenaton a baby boy midway through the pharaoh's reign, the little child that would become king Tut, who can guess what Nefertiti might have felt. But Zahi Hawass believes that instead of seeing Kiya or her little boy as a rival. Nefertiti may have seized upon the opportunity of the male heir and raised him as her own. And as he grew, she made sure to marry him off to one of her own daughters to continue her royal line.
[ 02076 ]
Zahi: In my opinion she made him to be the king of Egypt. Because he was very young, he needed an adult to control him. In my opinion, that adult was queen Nefertiti."
[ 02077 ]
Narrator: No one can say for sure what happened to Kiya. She disappeared around year 12 of Akhenaton's reign. Many Egyptologists contend that she died right around the time of Tutankhamen's birth. Could this mummy be Tut's missing mother? Dr. Hawass: It could be possible that this mummy could be for the mother of Tutankhamen her name was Kiya.
[ 02078 ]
Narrator: If this mummy is Kiya, her location does have a certain logic. It's likely the team has identified the tomb of Tut's father in the valley of the kings. Could they have found his mother here too? Now the scientist focus turns to the remaining mummy in tomb 35, the so-called elder lady. The so called elder lady they aim to establish the identity of this mummy and how it may be related to the others. This "elder lady" is certainly one of the most beautiful mummies ever found, with a delicately sculpted face, and long flowing hair. It's no wonder that some Egyptologists like Dr. Susan James believe that this final mummy is in fact the lovely Nefertiti. James is convinced that there is a striking physical resemblance between this mummy and the sculptures of Nefertiti. Susan James: And there is the pronounce phylum. That goes from the setimum of the nose to about the upper lip. The square lower jaw. The elongated neck. Just as in Nefertiti's statuary. And the crossed left hand with the extended thumb. Which implies she was probably holding a lotus scepter. The hair is so spectacular and so unusual.
[ 02079 ]
Narrator: Dr Susan James believes the evidence suggests the elder lady is Nefertiti. But there's contradictory evidence that is just as strong. It comes from inside king Tut's tomb. A miniature coffin inscribed with the name of queen Tiye. Inside, a lock of hair. Back in 1978, scientists subjected that hair to electron probe analysis. Then they sampled a small piece of hair from the elder lady. The result, a match. Not Nefertiti, but Tut's grandmother. Akhenaton's mother. Queen Tiye.
[ 02080 ]
Over the years scientist have debated the accuracy of that electron probe analysis. Now Hawass and the team turn to the CT scanner for some definitive evidence about the elder lady. At first, the CT scans seem to bear out Susan James's theory. The square jaw. The high cheek bones, the distinctive elongated neck. This left arm, attached to the body, is clearly bent in the royal position. But then other details emerge. The team spots mild degeneration in the spine and knees that suggests an age range of 40 to 60. That's not a great fit for Nefertiti, but it is a much better match for queen Tiye.
[ 02081 ]
Historians place her age at about 50 which corresponds exactly with the CT scan results. For Dr. Hawass, the evidence suggests that this is queen Tiye. Dr Hawass: Based on the radiologist theory and evidence they presented to me that this lady died in the age 40 to 50, she has the style of dynasty 18. She looks very strong from the mummy. I could say that this could be queen Tiye.
[ 02082 ]
Narrator: Tiye was one of the great queens of ancient Egypt. She held significant power of her own. She may have acted as a key figure at a key moment, as Amarna passed its peak, and began its inevitable descent, Dr. Hawass sees her as the classic mother in law, the mother in law of Nefertiti. With all the friction that might have entailed. Dr. Hawass: It's like today when the mother of the husband comes to the house, there's fight. It's exactly like ancient times. The pharaohs were human beings like us. And when queen Tiye arrived in Amarna, she made something poisoned the relationship Akhenaton and Nefertiti.
[ 02083 ]
Narrator: Nefertiti disappears, discontent grows in Egypt and Amarna hangs in the balance.
[ 02084 ]
In the end, Amarna, ancient Egypt's greatest vision and its greatest social experiment came crashing down.
[ 02085 ]
Nefertiti and Akhenaton would be purged from the carvings on the temple walls. The capital falls apart. So too the new religion and the political structure. In the aftermath Akhenaton's young son survives to rule the end of the line for the 18th dynasty. He is not just any pharaoh, he is the legendary king Tut. As Akhenaton's son, the boy king is the heir to the throne as well as the turmoil of his father's failed revolution.
[ 02086 ]
In a shadowy transition that's not well understood, he comes to power, and restore Egypt to its pre Amarna traditions. Tut's regime reinstates the old religion, the old priests, the old power structure, he even returns to the old capital, bringing back the Egypt Akhenaton had thrown away. Tut was compelled to publicly break from his father's beliefs. He even changed his name from the one his father gave him. Tutankh-Aton, the servant of Aton, his father's sun god, would change his name to Tutank-Amun after the old god Amun.
[ 02087 ]
It was as if Amarna had never happened. And when it came to building his tomb, Tut chooses to return to the old cemetery, where so many pharaohs before him had been buried. The valley of the kings nearly 200 miles from Amarna. This is where he is laid to rest. Where he is discovered in 1922. Where he is taken from his tomb in 2005 to be CT scanned.
[ 02088 ]
For doctor Hawass and his team, the question is how the three other mummies from tomb 35 and tomb 55 came there as well. And what exactly that might mean. The answers may lie 200 miles south of Cairo, at Amarna. Once it was the epicenter of Akhenaton's empire. Now it's just sand and rubble. This was the home of Nefertiti and Akhenaton, the young king Tut and the entire Amarna clan. This is where their life's drama played out. A capital, a kingdom, an entire utopian dream all boiled down to nothing.
[ 02089 ]
Marc Gabolde, of the university of Montpellier, has been working here since 1999 exploring the empty tombs of Amarna. His question: What happened to their contents? Over the course of many excavations he's found various clues, that include actual fragments of the stone sarcophagi, this evidence affirms one key theory. While the royals of Amarna were originally buried here, later they were moved. From Amarna to the famed Necropolis at Thebes, the valley of the kings. Gabolde: For the Amarna royals, it is quite true that they were removed to Thebes. It is true for the king Akhenaton himself. I think that the body found in king valley tomb number 55 is in fact actually that of Akhenaton.
[ 02090 ]
`Necropolis - ???
[ 02091 ]
Narrator: And there is reason to believe that Akhenaton did not make the trip alone. It seems likely that other royal mummies were also relocated to the valley of the kings. Including those most closely related to king Tut. For in ancient Egypt, there was no more important journey than the trip across the river to the west, the valley of the kings, the gateway to the afterlife. And so, king Tut may have decided to bring along his closest blood relatives to be near him in death.
[ 02092 ]
Dr Hawass: That could be very important theory. Some people could be loyal to Akhenaton. Tutankhamen he ruled from the age of 9 to the age of 19 and this 10 years in my opinion could be the time that he began to look for his father. He sent people to Amarna. They moved his skull, and the bones of his body they moved it to kv55. Because we are sure now that this coffin belonged to Akhenaton.
[ 02093 ]
Narrator: In a kind of family reunion, a reunion for immortality. Tut might well have brought across the bodies of his family from the ruins of Amarna, to the resting place of the pharaohs, the valley of the kings. His father, his grandmother perhaps even his mother. All gathered around him. We went looking for Nefertiti, and instead we found what may well be some of her closest relations. All buried in the same small area in the valley of the kings. Perhaps all brought there by their famous son, also buried nearby.
[ 02094 ]
An Amarna family reunited at last. And what about Nefertiti herself? Perhaps she lies elsewhere, still waiting to be found in the valley of the kings. And so it ends the way detective stories always end not in fiction, but in real life. Not with one neat solution, but with answers and still more questions. A potential id on an Amarna family. A ruling out of one suspect. A likely match on two others. And a link that ties them all together. Nefertiti remains just out of reach. Dr. Hawass: When we tried to search for Nefertiti, we came to an important conclusion that everyone has to know. That the mummy that everyone thought it's for Nefertiti it is not for Nefertiti, because we gave the proof of that. But the other important fact that we succeeded to collect a group of people that all these people belong to the family of Amarna and that is a very important conclusion.
[ 02095 ]
Narrator: And so while king Tut's tomb has become so famous for its riches, it may one day come to have a different significance. As a point of return. The center of many tombs, many relatives all gathered around him. Pulled back from the ruins of Amarna. A lost dynasty reunited. A family together again. On their trip to eternity.
===========================
End of Transcript
`Akhenaton - Husband of Nefertiti
`Alan Dodson - Egyptology skeptic of Neferetiti's supposed mummy
`Amarna - Ancient site of Egypt
`Ashraf Selim Dr of anthropology?
`asymmetrical - having no balance.. no pattern- irregular
`Aton - sun god worshipped by the Egyptians
`Cairo - Capital of Egypt | N 030.050000 | E 031.250000 |
`cartouche, It had been noted that certain groups of hieroglyphs on the Rosette Stone were surrounded by a carved oblong loop. The loop, called a cartouche, separated the names of kings and queens from large bodies of text.
`cleft - divided / split, deformed
`co-regent - One who rules during the minority, absence, or disability of a monarch
`CT scan - Similar to an x-ray but more advanced. Produces a complete image of the insides of people.
`dolichocephalic - defines a shape.. egg shape
`Dr Selim - Appears to be an Egyptologist.
`Dr. Hanny - Medical doctor???
`genitalia - The reproductive organs, especially the external sex organs; the genitals.
`Hany Amer - Dr of anthropology?
`Hawass Zahi - Head of Egyptology in Egypt " secretary general of Egypt's supreme council of antiquities,"
`hematoma A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
`Kiya - 2nd wife of Akhenaton
`KV35 ... KV means it is in the valley of the kings. 35 is the identification of this particular tomb in the many located there.
`Marc Gabolde - Appears to be an Egyptologist
`mimicking - copy, similar
`Montpellier - university where???
`National Geographic - First a magazine and now includes movies. Company/organization that shows cultures and places around the world.
`Necropolis - ???
`Nefertiti
`Peter Lacavora - Egyptologists -goal to find the missing Amarna burials in the valley of the Kings
`sarcophagus - coffin, casket
`Scepter - A staff held by a sovereign as an emblem of authority
`scoliosis - abnormal curvature of the spine
`Susan James- an Egyptologist I guess
`Thebes - Ancient Egyptian capital | N 025.700000 | E 032.683340 |
`Tiye - mother in law of Nefertiti, mother of Akhenaton
`Tut - short for Tutankhamen
`Tutankhamen - thought to be the step son and son in law of Nefertiti. No text identifies Tut as a King and his name is not listed in the Egyptian ledger of the kings.
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